Reading Problems

It is estimated that 1 in 10 children have a vision problem severe enough to affect their learning in school, but school vision screenings can miss these problems. While learning occurs through a number of complex and interrelated processes, vision plays a key role. Children should be referred for a comprehensive eye exam whenever visual symptoms are noticed or if they are not achieving their potential.


Reading problems that can indicate an issue with the eyes are;

Developing strong reading skills in students is one of the key goals of every early education program. It is through reading that students expand their vocabulary and learn about the world. Reading is also the key to success in spelling and writing.

And while 6 and 7-year-olds are fluent speakers, they require instruction in how to navigate print. If a student is having problems with literacy skills, it can affect their performance across the school curriculum and have a negative impact on motivation to learn and self-esteem.

Sometimes there may be an undiagnosed learning difficulty to blame – as is the case for students who struggle with dyslexia or slow processing. In these situations parents and educators are tasked with understanding the root of the problem and providing children with appropriate coping strategies, to ensure they continue to progress and achieve reading milestones.

How Reading Works

Not every student acquires reading skills at the same rate. Reading begins with mastering pre-literacy skills, including learning the alphabet and enhancing phonemic awareness. This is followed closely by phonics instruction that teaches children how to map sounds to letters and sound out words.

As more terms become familiar to a beginner reader, the process speeds up via whole word recognition or sight-reading. This can be encouraged through direct instruction in high-frequency vocabulary.

When students move into middle school, they will be asked to achieve greater feats of comprehension, which include understanding complex texts and processing more information in shorter amounts of time.

Being a fast and efficient reader is important for classroom-based lessons, but also for satisfying homework requirements and performing well on standardized exams. Learn more about teaching children to read.

3 Common Difficulties

Issues with Decoding

Also known as sounding out words, decoding is when children are able to put sounds to letters in order to sound out written language. It’s common for beginner readers to struggle when they meet new or unfamiliar terms, but typically decoding becomes easier with phonics instruction and repeated practice with reading out loud. If a child continues to struggle, there may be a specific learning difficulty present or a physical impairment that is preventing them from physically seeing the letters or hearing the sounds in spoken language. Learn more in our posts on dyslexia and visual impairment in the classroom.

Poor comprehension

There’s a lot going on in reading, from letter and word recognition to understanding meaning at the phrase, sentence, and paragraph level. When a beginner reader encounters vocabulary they do not know or do not recognize due to inaccurate decoding, they are likely to skip ahead. The more blanks in a line of text, the harder it is to make meaning and the more cognitively challenging and frustrating the reading task becomes. That’s why poor comprehension can result when a student struggles with decoding, has a limited vocabulary or attempts to read a text that is at too high of a level

However, reading also requires being able to pay attention to the narrative. Students need to identify gist, main ideas, and specific details and even make inferences about what they are reading. If a student has problems staying focused as a result of ADD or ADHD, it can impact on comprehension.

Speed

The more students read, the more they encounter unfamiliar terms. Quite often the context in which these new words are found gives children all of the clues they need to guess at the meaning. As students expand their vocabulary, they recognize more words by sight and reading speeds up. Students who continue to decode may benefit from overlearning sight words such as those on the Dolch List.

If speed is still an issue, there may be an underlying problem, such as slow processing. Reading is a cognitively demanding task and holding so much information in the mind while continuing to process text can exhaust children with slow processing. Strategy instruction may help but it’s important that these students be allowed extra time to complete tasks that require extensive reading.

It is often overlooked that reading is a complex visual task requiring the coordination of many visual skills to function accurately, quickly, and without conscience, attention to enable comprehension to emerge. Focusing, eye teaming, tracking across the page, and stamina are all crucial. Not being confused by the size and spacing of print and the volume of information on the page is critical.

Reading and Spelling in English

English is full of silent letters and unexpected sounds. Often a student must simply memorize the spelling of a word in order to recognize its written form in the future. Mnemonic devices can be of assistance in this respect, as can repeatedly drilling vocabulary and taking a multi-sensory approach to learning.

The latter entails hearing a word read aloud, seeing it in its written form and even incorporating a tactile aspect, such as typing the word at the same time.

Another reason why English is not the easiest language for beginner readers is because of the lacking 1:1 correspondence in sounds to letters. In other words, there is more than one way to spell the same sound.

This can cause plenty of problems for English speaking children. Now imagine that English is not your native language and you may get a sense of how challenging it can be for bilingual ELL students, particularly when they have not yet mastered reading and writing in their native tongue.

Reading Strategies that Can Help

Activate ideas Help students activate their prior knowledge of a topic and take guesses about what they are about to read by analyzing pictures and titles or skimming a text to assess the main idea. You can also create mind-maps as a pre-reading activity or put a few questions on the board and have the students start by discussing them in order to prepare for the reading.

Build Vocabulary The more words a student knows, the easier it will be to recognize them in reading. Teaching vocabulary is also helpful for spelling skills. Teachers can provide a glossary alongside a text or pre-teach key terms before the reading begins. As learning words in context provides additional depth in meaning, teachers might also consider providing instruction on contextual guessing.

The Dolch List Repeated exposure to high-frequency terms that are common across children’s books and school worksheets can help children save their cognitive energy for decoding harder and less frequent vocabulary. Directly teaching these words using a program like Touch-type Read and Spell to reinforce them, can help kids read more quickly and efficiently.

Dyslexia and Learning Difficulties

Children who have a specific learning difficulty may fall behind their peers in literacy skills development. One of the most common reading problems teachers encounter is in students who struggle with phonological dyslexia.

If an individual has a hard time hearing how individual sounds come together to make up words, they will inevitably struggle to sound out a word’s written form or spell it correctly in writing.

Both children and adults who struggle with dyslexia can benefit from strategy instruction and “over-learning” in a multi-sensory way. You may also consider a program that helps learners build confidence and enhance reading by learning a secondary skill, such as typing.

If you experience more than one of the problems above, it may be time to contact an optometrist for a comprehensive visual assessment.

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